AREAS OF CHEMISTRY LECTURE

Essential Question: How many areas or fields of study are in chemistry?

Learning Objective:  List and define the five major areas or fields of study of chemistry.

SWBAT:

• Investigate the five major areas of study in chemistry and their application.

ASSIGNMENT:  CK12 -  AREAS OF CHEMISTRY

HMMMM....

• What do you, a tomato, an elephant, a piece of paper and a rotten piece of wood have in common?

https://www.thoughtco.com/the-5-branches-of-chemistry-603911 (Links to an external site.)

There are many branches of chemistry (Links to an external site.) or chemistry disciplines. The five main branches are considered to be organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry.

Overview of the 5 Branches of Chemistry 

• Organic Chemistry (Links to an external site.): The study of carbon and its compounds; the study of the chemistry of life
• Inorganic Chemistry (Links to an external site.): The study of compounds not covered by organic chemistry; the study of inorganic compounds, or compounds that don't contain a C-H bond (many inorganic compounds contain metals)
• Analytical Chemistry (Links to an external site.): The study of the chemistry of matter and the development of tools to measure properties of matter
• Physical Chemistry: The branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry, which commonly includes the applications of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to chemistry
• Biochemistry (Links to an external site.): The study of chemical processes that occur inside of living organisms

There are other ways chemistry (Links to an external site.) can be divided into categories. Other examples of branches of chemistry might include polymer chemistry and geochemistry. Chemical engineering might also be considered a chemistry discipline. There is also overlap between disciplines; biochemistry and organic chemistry, in particular, share a lot in common.

Branches Of Chemistry (Links to an external site.)

Branches of Chemistry (Links to an external site.)

 

HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY LECTURE: ALCHEMY

HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY LECTURE: ALCHEMY

Essential Question:  What  did alchemy contribute to the field of chemistry?

Learning Objective: Explore a brief history on the principles of alchemy and how some of those principles helped develop the filed of chemistry

SWBAT:

• Explore the contributions of alchemy to the field of chemistry

 ASSIGNMENT:  CK12  1.3: ALCHEMY

HMMM... BE READY TO PARTICIPATE

• What is alchemy? 
• Have you ever heard about The Elixir of Life? The Philosopher Stone?

BRIEF HISTORY OF ALCHEMY TAKING FROM THE LINKS BELOW:

         The word alchemy is thought to derive from an Egyptian word, 'chem' or 'qem,'  or Khem meaning black — a reference to the black alluvial soils bordering the Nile. The Greek word 'chyma,' meaning to fuse or cast metals, established itself in Arabic as 'al kimia'  from which alchemy is derived."  

CHEM/QEM/KHEM   (black)     CHYMA   ( to fuse or cast metals)      to    AL KIMIA (arabic term)

       Alchemy is as old as the Pyramids (2000 BC). The concepts of Science and scientists had not been developed yet. Instead philosophers were the thinkers and creators of new ideas. When people think of Alchemy, they may also think of witchery and magical potions but alchemy was much more than that and may of the experiments performed lead to field of chemistry.

       Alchemy was based on the ancient belief that the Earth is made up of four basic elements in nature: air, water, fire and earth itself along with three essential substances: salt, mercury and sulfur. 

       At the time, the periodic table of elements had not yet being created and the concepts of elements was very basic. Alchemists divided elements into groups such as "mature" and "immature ."  According to alchemists, gold was the most perfect, mature metal because it contained the perfect balance of air, water, fire and earth.  Alchemists thought that by changing the composition of the air, the water, the fire and the earth they could "transmute" (change) immature elements such as copper or lead into gold. This is process of changing base metals into gold or silver is known as The Philosopher Stone. (Links to an external site.)

     The Philosopher Stone, thought to be a sort of powder, tincture or potion, was also thought to cure illness, prolong life and bring spiritual awareness. By drinking the potion, people could even achieve immortality. This was known as The Elixir of Life (Links to an external site.)

     Alchemists were never able to turn base metals into gold or silver or achieved immortality, but many of the experiments they performed such as the heating of mixtures, the addition of corrosive salts to metals gave rise to the field of chemistry.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxiLuz9kHi0&t=47s (Links to an external site.)

Alchemy’s influence on modern science (Links to an external site.)

Alchemy made important contributions to metalworking, refining, production of gunpowder, ceramics, glass, ceramics, ink, dyes, paints, cosmetics, extracts, liquors etc. Alchemists conceptualized chemical elements into the first rudimentary periodic tables and introduced the process of distillation to Western Europe. They were also among the first to extract metals from ores and compose various inorganic acids and bases.

Some examples:

• Sulfuric acid was first described (approx. 1300 AD) by the alchemist, Pseudo-Geber. Sulfuric acid is the most used substance in chemical industries today after water, air, coal and oil.
• The alchemist Andreas Libavius (1555 – 1616 AD) was the first to describe the preparation of free hydrochloric acid, of tin tetrachloride, and of ammonium sulfate.
• Libravius and Pseudo-Geber described the preparation of aqua regia (“royal water”), a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, which can dissolve gold.
• The alchemist Albertus Magnus (1193-1280 AD) is often credited for the discovery of arsenic, although it was probably known to earlier alchemists.
• Chinese alchemists invented gunpowder or black powder  in the 9th century.
• Indian alchemy made important contributions to metallurgy. High-quality, high carbon steel was already being produced in India between 300-200 BC, and was exported throughout Asia and Europe.

Prof. Jim Al-Khalili presents - 1001 Inventions: Journeys from Alchemy to Chemistry (Links to an external site.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=65hejDgciFo (Links to an external site.)

IMPORTANT LINKS TO READ:

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/crabb/history.html (Links to an external site.)

https://www.livescience.com/39314-alchemy.html (Links to an external site.)

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alchemy-may-not-been-pseudoscience-we-thought-it-was-180949430/ (Links to an external site.)

 

HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY LECTURE

 HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY LECTURE

Essential Question:Where does Chemistry come from and who are some of the major contributors to the development of  this field?

Learning Objective: Explore a brief history of chemistry and describe practical contributors to the field

SWBAT:

• Explore chemistry theories developed in the 19^thcentury
• Investigate some of the practical uses of modern chemistry

ASSIGNMENT: Write a paper about these two incredible scientists

• Joseph Priestley 
•  Antoine Lavoisier

       It was not until the era of the ancient Greeks that we have any record of how people tried to explain the chemical changes they observed and used. At that time, natural objects were thought to consist of only four basic elements: earth, air, fire, and water. Then, in the fourth century BC, two Greek philosophers, Democritus and Leucippus, suggested that matter was not infinitely divisible into smaller particles but instead consisted of fundamental, indivisible particles called atoms. 

      Unfortunately, these early philosophers did not have the technology to test their hypothesis. They would have been unlikely to do so in any case because the ancient Greeks did not conduct experiments or use the scientific method. They believed that the nature of the universe could be discovered by rational thought alone.

      Over the next two millennia, alchemists, who engaged in a form of chemistry and speculative philosophy during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, achieved many advances in chemistry. Their major goal was to convert certain elements into others by a process they called transmutation(Figure 1.13 "An Alchemist at Work"). 

      In particular, alchemists wanted to find a way to transform cheaper metals into gold. Although most alchemists did not approach chemistry systematically and many appear to have been outright frauds, alchemists in China, the Arab kingdoms, and medieval Europe made major contributions, including the discovery of elements such as quicksilver (mercury) and the preparation of several strong acids.

Figure 1.13An Alchemist at Work

Alchemy was a form of chemistry that flourished during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Although some alchemists were frauds, others made major contributions, including the discovery of several elements and the preparation of strong acids.

MODERN CHEMISTRY

      The 16th and 17th centuries saw the beginnings of what we now recognize as modern chemistry. During this period, great advances were made in metallurgy, the extraction of metals from ores, and the first systematic quantitative experiments were carried out. 

      In 1661, the Englishman Robert Boyle (1627–91) published The Sceptical Chymist, which described the relationship between the pressure and the volume of air. More important, Boyle defined an element as a substance that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. This led to the identification of a large number of elements, many of which were metals. Ironically, Boyle himself never thought that metals were elements.

      In the 18th century, the English clergyman Joseph Priestley  and  Antonine Lavoisier made discoveries that will change the way people looked at chemistry. 

      

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3Gt5IOjAuc&t=1502s

 

FAMOUS CHEMISTS

 

FAMOUS CHEMISTS LECTURE 

FAMOUS CHEMISTS

 

Essential Question:  Who are the scientists that paved the way to Modern Chemistry?

Learning Objective: Explore a brief history of famous chemists  and their contributions to the field of chemistry.

SWBAT:

• Explore the contributions of famous chemists.
• Acknowledge the role played by females and people of color chemists to the field of chemistry.

 ASSIGNMENT:  Famous Scientists paper

HMMM... BE READY TO PARTICIPATE

• Think  of and write down the name of some famous scientists? Do you know in what year or century they lived?
• What kind of Science did they do?  What are they famous for?
• When you think of scientists, what race or ethnic groups are less represented? Why do you think that is?

FAMOUS CHEMISTS:  Be ready to be called

Famous Chemists - 21 Greatest Chemists in History (Links to an external site.)

http://famouschemists.org (Links to an external site.)

https://www.livescience.com/46020-chemistry-history.html (Links to an external site.)

http://totallyhistory.com/biography/famous-chemists/ (Links to an external site.)

FAMOUS BLACK CHEMISTS: 

https://cen.acs.org/people/profiles/Six-black-chemists-should-know/97/web/2019/02 (Links to an external site.)

https://www.thoughtco.com/black-chemists-and-chemical-engineers-606873 (Links to an external site.)

Five Black Chemists Who Changed the World (Links to an external site.)

Mentoring the Next Generation of Black Chemists (Links to an external site.)

FAMOUS FEMALE CHEMISTS: 

https://www.distillerytrail.com/blog/12-famous-female-chemists-in-history-infographic/ (Links to an external site.)

https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-female-chemists/reference (Links to an external site.)

Women in science who changed the world (Links to an external site.)

These Two Chemists Changed The World (Links to an external site.)

Dr. Marie Maynard Daly: The First African-American PhD. in Chemistry (Links to an external site.)

 

 

 

WELCOME BACK - INTRO TO CHEMISTRY

CLICK HERE FOR WEBEX LINK

WELCOME BACK: PRIDE NIGHT VIDEO LINK

 

Dear Grizzlies,  welcome to my online Chemistry class!                                                                    

Chemistry is in every aspect of our lives. From the food we eat to the shampoo we use, to the processes inside of your cells that allow the food you just ate to become so small that they can now move in and out of your cells' membranes. If you like cooking or baking, you are already a Chemist!       
Have you ever observed a  rusted piece of metal? That metal underwent a chemical process called oxidation. (Links to an external site.) What causes oxidation? (click the blue word to watch a cute video).
Hmmm.... What about curly hair? You guessed it! Chemistry again! The protein in your hair contains sulfur atoms. Sulfur atoms pair up to form disulphide bonds. It is the distance between these sulphur atoms that makes hair curl. The further apart the atoms are, the curlier the hair is (you read it right!).  
My hair is wavy.  Hmm... Why do you think that is? What about your hair? 

                                   

                        

 

 

The following units represent the material we will attempt to cover during the year. I will present these subject matter using different methods including lectures, video conferences and several websites. As the year progresses, I will update each unit by adding content to it.  
it is extremely important that you follow up and are on top of each assignment. Chemistry builds up on previous knowledge and falling behind in your work load will make it difficult for you to understand future lectures and assignments. 

I am looking forward this new academic year despite its many challenges!

Please, feel free to contact me to the email address below:
ncarter@sjusd.org